Presentation on the topic "Metabolism - as the main property of a living system." Presentation on the topic “Metabolism in the human body Metabolism and energy

Komsomolsk-on-Amur branch of the State Budgetary Educational Institution Khmelnytskyi Metallurgical Plant

Metabolism and energy

Metabolism

Prepared by: Koksharova N.U.

Metabolic stages:

• Preparatory stage: digestion of food and delivery of nutrients and oxygen to cells
• Metabolism and energy in cells
• Final stage: removal of decomposition products

Preparatory stage (digestive tract)

• Complex carbohydrates (starch, cellulose) simple carbohydrates (glucose, fructose)

• Fats glycerol and fatty acids

• Proteins amino acids

Metabolism in cells

Energy

exchange

(catabolism,

dissimilation)

Plastic

exchange

(anabolism,

assimilation)

• disintegration, splitting

organic matter

• organic synthesis

Plastic metabolism (anabolism, assimilation)

• Amino acids, simple carbohydrates, glycerol and fatty acids that enter the cell “build” new molecules proteins, carbohydrates and fats, characteristic of a given organism

• They go to the construction of lost parts of cells, the creation of new cells

• Due to plastic exchange is happening growth, division, development of cells and the whole organism

Energy metabolism (dissimilation, catabolism)

• Some of the organic substances entering the cell are oxidized by oxygen to the final decomposition products - CO 2 and H 2 O, ammonia NH 3, urea
• This releases energy!
• 1 g carbohydrates – 17.17 kJ
• 1 g fat – 38.92 kJ
• 1g protein – 17.17 kJ

Final stage of exchange:

• The end products of metabolism - carbon dioxide CO 2, ammonia NH 3, water H 2 O, urea - enter the blood and are excreted from the body by the lungs and kidneys

• Breath holding time after quiet exhalation –
• Breath holding time after 20 squats –
• Breath holding time after a two-minute rest -

Functional test with maximum breath holding

Breath holding (s)

Healthy

trained

squats

Healthy untrained

With health problems

After rest

from the first phase

from the first phase

first phase

from the first phase

30% or less

from the first phase

from the first

Vitamins (vita - life)

• Biologically active substances synthesized in the body or supplied with food, which in small quantities are necessary for normal metabolism and vital functions of the body

• Hypovitaminosis - lack of vitamin
• Hypervitaminosis – excess vitamin
• Avitaminosis – lack of a vitamin in the body

Vitamins

Fat soluble

Water soluble

Vitamins

Vitamin

Functions

Manifestation of hypo- or vitamin deficiency

Necessary for normal growth and development of epithelial tissue, improves vision at dusk

Night blindness- twilight vision impairment. Skin becomes dry

Sources

Participates in calcium metabolism. Necessary for the formation of bones and teeth

Cod liver, perch, butter, carrots, tomatoes, apricots

Rickets - bone deformation, nervous system disorders, irritability, weakness

Fish oil, egg yolk, butter, milk. Synthesized in the skin under the influence of UV rays

Affects the functioning of the muscular and nervous systems

C (ascorbic acid)

Participates in metabolic processes, formation of healthy skin,

strengthening blood vessels

With a lack of B 1 - take it

(convulsions and paralysis)

Bread, fruit, brewer's yeast, meat, liver, milk

Scurvy – gums swell and bleed, teeth fall out, weakness, dizziness, susceptibility to infections

Vegetables, fruits, berries, sauerkraut

The set of physical, chemical and physiological processes of transformation of substances and energy in the human body and the exchange of substances and energy between the body and the environment. Provides plastic and energy needs of the body. Metabolism

This is achieved by extracting Q from nutrients entering the body and converting it into the forms of high-energy (ATP and other molecules) and reduced (NADP - N-nicotine amide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) compounds. Their Q is used for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, as well as components of cell membranes and cell organelles to perform mechanical, chemical, osmotic and electrical work, and ion transport.

Metabolism Energy metabolism (dissimilation, catabolism) Energy metabolism (dissimilation, catabolism) Plastic metabolism (assimilation, anabolism) Plastic metabolism (assimilation, anabolism) The set of processes of biosynthesis of organic substances, cell components and other structures of organs and tissues. Provides growth, development, renewal of biological structures, as well as continuous resynthesis of macroergs and accumulation of energy substrates. energy accumulation is a set of processes of breakdown of complex molecules, cell components, organs, tissues into simple substances, using some of them as precursors of biosynthesis, and to final decomposition products with the formation of high-energy and reduced compounds. energy release

Metabolism begins from the moment monosaccharides (carbohydrates) are absorbed; glycerin and fatty acids (fats); amino acids (proteins). Metabolism begins from the moment monosaccharides (carbohydrates) are absorbed; glycerin and fatty acids (fats); amino acids (proteins).

They account for 50% of the dry mass of the cell. They are broken down into amino acids (essential and non-essential). Protein contains 16% nitrogen. 6.25 g of protein breaks down to form 1 gram of nitrogen. N-balance (“+” and “-” balance). Protein breakdown in the body occurs continuously. For 1 kg of body weight a person per day is subject to complete destruction of 0.028-0.075 g of nitrogen. 3.77 g of nitrogen is released per day (3.77 g (N) x 6.25 g = 23 g of protein (Rubner wear coefficient).

– are part of hormones, catalysts, enzymes, and cell structures. Proteins build the membranes of protein-lipid complexes and are part of the chromosomal apparatus, cell organelles, and microtubules. The entire complex of metabolism in the body (respiration, digestion, excretion) is ensured by the activity of enzymes, which are proteins. All motor functions of the body are ensured by the interaction of contractile proteins - actin and myosin. Plastic value

Not great compared to carbohydrates and fats. Proteins - 1g - 17.6 kJ Of the 20 amino acids included, 10 are essential: leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, arginine. The most biologically valuable proteins are meat, eggs, fish, caviar, and milk. Energy value.

Protein contains 16% nitrogen. The body absorbs it only as part of food. 6.25 g of protein breaks down to form 1 gram of nitrogen. Rubner wear coefficient. For 1 kg of body weight a person per day is subject to complete destruction of 0.028-0.075 g of nitrogen. 3.77 g of nitrogen is released per day; 3.77 g (N) x 6.25 g = 23 g of protein in a healthy person; the amount of synthesized N = N decomposed. N-balance (“+” and “-” balance). Protein breakdown in the body occurs continuously. Nitrogen balance.

– leads to inhibition of hematopoiesis and immunoglobulin synthesis, to the development of anemia and immunodeficiency, and reproductive function disorders. In children, growth is impaired; at any age, there is a decrease in muscle tissue and liver, and impaired hormone secretion. Reduced intake and impaired absorption of iron

Protein – causes activation of amino acid and energy metabolism, increased formation of urea and increased load on the renal structures with subsequent functional depletion. As a result of the accumulation in the intestines of products of incomplete breakdown and putrefaction of proteins, intoxication may develop. Protein minimum – g (in some categories up to 50g or more) per day. Excess dietary intake

Regulation Dissimilation Assimilation Hormones: somatotropic during the growth of the body - an increase in the mass of all organs and tissues. In an adult, there is an increase in synthesis due to the permeability of cell membranes to amino acids and increased RNA synthesis in the cell nucleus. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine - in certain concentrations stimulate protein synthesis and thereby activate the growth, development and differentiation of tissues and organs. In the liver - glucocorticoids - stimulate protein synthesis. Adrenal hormones - glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, corticosterone) increase the breakdown in tissues, especially in muscle and lymphoid tissue, and in the liver, on the contrary, they stimulate protein synthesis.

Some of the body's fat components can be synthesized from carbohydrates. : are part of cell membranes .. : their calorific value is more than 2 times greater than that of carbohydrates and proteins. 1 g of fat when broken down gives 38.9 kJ Plastic value Energy value.

Fat is absorbed from the intestines, enters primarily into the lymph and, in smaller quantities, directly into the blood. The body receives lipids mainly in the form of so-called. neutral fat, which is broken down in the body into glycerol and fatty acids. A small amount of free fatty acids is also supplied with food. Essential unsaturated fatty acids: linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic – are not formed in the human body.

Intake from food - 30% of the daily caloric intake. In old age up to 25%. Increasing fat consumption - increasing body weight - increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and metabolic diseases, as well as intestinal, breast and prostate cancer. Excess vegetable oil increases the risk of various cancers (except olive oil).

Regulation Dissimilation Assimilation CNS: hypothalamus - with the destruction of the ventromedial nuclei - prolonged increase in appetite and increased fat deposition Parasympathetic influence Hormones: glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex) CNS: hypothalamus: irritation of the ventromedial nuclei - loss of appetite and emaciation. Sympathetic influence Hormones: adrenaline and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla); somatotropic, thyroxine (thyroid gland), sex hormones,

Can be synthesized in the body from amino acids and fat. But there is a minimum of carbohydrates in the diet - 150 g. The normal intake is g per day.

The main fuel for most organisms. The main role is determined by the energy function. It comes mainly in the form of plant polysaccharide – starch and animal polysaccharide – glycogen. Blood glucose is the body's immediate source of energy. The blood glucose level is 3.3-5.5 mmol/l (60-100 mg%). Decreased blood glucose levels – hypoglycemia. A decrease in level to 2.2-1.7 mmol/l (4.-30 mg%) is a “hypoglycemic coma.” The introduction of glucose into the blood quickly eliminates these disorders. Energy value. 1g – 17.6 kJ

From glucose, glycogen is synthesized in liver cells - a reserve, stored carbohydrate. Nutritional hyperglycemia (nutritional) – after eating a meal with quickly absorbed carbohydrates. As a result, glucosuria is the release of glucose in the urine when the blood glucose level is above 8.9-10.0 mmol/l (mg%). To maintain relative constancy in the blood, glycogen is broken down in the liver and released into the blood.

Brain-12%, intestines-9%, muscles-7%, kidneys-5%. The breakdown of carbohydrates in the body of animals occurs both in an oxygen-free way to lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis), and by oxidation of carbohydrate breakdown products to CO 2 and H 2 O. Glucose uptake from the inflowing blood:

Excessive carbohydrate consumption contributes to increased lipogenesis and obesity. A constant excess of disaccharides and glucose, rapidly absorbed in the intestine, creates a high load on the endocrine cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin, which can contribute to their depletion and the development of diabetes mellitus.

Dissimilation Assimilation Hormones. Insulin - a hormone of the pancreas (β-ki of islet tissue) - increased glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscles and increased glucose consumption by body tissues) CNS - “sugar injection” - an injection of the medulla oblongata in the area of ​​the bottom of the IV ventricle. - irritation of the hypothalamus - Ch. link – cortex GM-stress

Regulation Dissimilation Hormones: glucagon (alpha cells of pancreatic islet tissue); adrenaline – adrenal medulla; glucocorticoids – adrenal cortex; growth hormone of the pituitary gland; thyroxine and triiodothyronine – thyroid gland. Due to the unidirectionality of their influence in relation to the effects of insulin, these hormones are often combined under the term “counterinsular hormones.”

Heat generation in the body has a 2-phase character. During the oxidation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, one part of the energy is used for the synthesis of ATP, the other is converted into heat. The heat released directly during the oxidation of nutrients is called Primary heat. At this stage, most of the energy is converted into heat (primary heat), and less is used for the synthesis of ATP and is again accumulated in its chemical macroergic bonds.

Thus, during the oxidation of carbohydrates, 22.7% of the energy of the chemical bond of glucose during the oxidation process is used for the synthesis of ATP, and 77.3% is dissipated in the tissues in the form of primary heat. The energy accumulated in ATP is further used for mechanical work, chemical, transport, electrical processes and ultimately also turns into heat, designated secondary heat. Consequently, the amount of heat generated in the body becomes a measure of the total energy of chemical bonds formed in the body, and can be expressed in units of heat - calories or joules.

– energy expenditure of the body under standard conditions, used to maintain the minimum level of oxidative processes necessary for the life of cells and from the activity of constantly working organs and systems (respiratory muscles, heart, kidneys, liver). – expressed as the amount of heat in kilojoules (kilocalories) per 1 kg of body weight or per 1 m 2 of body surface per 1 hour or per day. For the average man = 4.19 kJ (1 kcal) per 1 kg of body weight per hour, or 7117 kJ (1700 kcal) per day. In women of the same weight (70 kg) it is 10% lower. The amount of basal metabolism depends on many factors, but it changes especially strongly in some endocrine diseases. For example, a sharp increase in the basal metabolic rate is observed with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, and with hypofunction of this gland, it is reduced. Insufficiency of the pituitary gland and gonads results in a decrease in the basal metabolic rate.

– the totality of the basal metabolism and energy expenditure of the body, ensuring its vital activity under conditions of thermoregulatory (in cooling conditions up to 300%), emotional (40-90%), nutritional and work loads. * Group I - mental workers kcal; * Group II - workers in mechanized labor and the service sector; * Group III - workers of moderately hard work associated with significant physical effort (kcal); * IV group - workers of heavy, non-mechanized labor kcal; * Group V - workers of very heavy physical labor kcal; Nutrition is the process of intake, digestion, absorption and assimilation by the body of nutrients necessary to compensate for energy expenditure, build and restore cells and tissues of the body, carry out and regulate body functions.

Efficiency is the ratio of mechanical energy to the total energy expended on work, expressed as a percentage. During human physical labor = from 16 to 25%. Physical activity coefficient - the degree of energy expenditure for various physical activities = the ratio of total energy expenditure for all types of activity per day to the value of the basal metabolic rate. According to this principle, men are divided into 5 groups, and women into 4 groups.

1. Food must provide sufficient energy to the body, taking into account age, gender, physiological state and type of work. 2. Food must contain the optimal quantity and ratio of various components for synthesis processes in the body (plastic role of nutrients).

The ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates = 1: 1.2: 4.5. Protein g, so much fat, 400 g carbohydrates. The share of sugars should not exceed 10-12% of carbohydrates of the daily diet, which corresponds to g. *In infants, fats account for 50% of energy expenditure, carbohydrates 40%, proteins 10%. In adults, the main thing is carbohydrates. As you get older, you reduce your caloric intake by 15%, and at 70 years old – by 30%. Ratio 1.0:0.8:3.5. High need for vitamins and minerals. Daily vitamin C 0.5 g 3 times a day, dairy and vegetable foods, ballast ingredients, optimal culinary processing of food.

3. The food ration should be adequately distributed throughout the day. Dividing the daily diet into 3-5 meals at time intervals of 4-5 hours, 3 meals a day: breakfast - 30%, lunch - 45%, dinner 25%. Have dinner 3 hours before bedtime. No food intake

Metabolic process

This is a complex of chemical reactions of living organisms occurring in a certain order.

Metabolism is a constant process of a living cell.

The outstanding Russian physiologist I.M. Sechenov wrote: “An organism cannot exist without an environment that gives it energy.”

Catabolism (splitting reaction) is the process of breaking down organic substances rich in energy.

Anabolism (synthesis reaction) is the synthesis of various macromolecules using the energy of simple substances formed during the catabolic reaction, namely amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, nitrogenous bases and ATP with NADP∙H

Diagram of metabolism in a cell

Cell macromolecules: proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids

Nutrients – sources of energy: carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Chemical energy: ATP, NADP

Anabolism

Catabolism

New molecules: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nitrogenous bases

Energy-poor decomposition substances: CO 2, H 2 O, NH 2

Energy metabolism of the cell, or respiration of the body.

ATP synthesis. Breathing and burning .

When substances combine with oxygen, the process occurs oxidation, during splitting – the process recovery. Such reactions of living organisms are called biological oxidation.

ATP. Breathing and burning.

If combustion organic substances with the participation of oxygen occurs in nature, That breathing process living organisms is carried out in mitochondria . The energy of the combustion process is released in the form of heat . The energy generated during breathing is used to maintain vital functions and maintain the activity of the body.

Breathing can be described like this:

C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 → 6CO 2 +6H 2 O+2881 kJ/mol

Glycolysis process

The process of breaking down glucose with the help of enzymes, accompanied by the release of part of the energy accumulated in the glucose molecule, is called glycolysis.

The process of breaking down glucose is divided into three stages:

• Glycolysis
• Conversion of citric acid
• Electron transport chain

Glycolysis consists of three stages: preparatory, oxygen-free, oxygen.

Preparatory stage of glycolysis

Here, organic substances rich in energy are broken down into simple substances under the influence of special enzymes. For example, polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, nucleic acids into nucleotides, proteins into amino acids.

Oxygen-free stage of glycolysis .

Consists of 13 sequential reactions occurring under the influence of enzymes. The initial product of the reaction is 1 mol C6H12O6 (glucose), as a result of the reaction 2 mol C 3 H 6 O 3 (lactic acid) and 2 mol ATP are formed. Oxygen does not participate in this reaction at all, which is why this stage is called oxygen-free. Pay attention to the reaction equation:

C6H12O6+2H3PO4+2 ADP → 2C3H6O3+2 ATP +2H2O

As a result of the reaction, 200 kJ of energy is produced, of which 40%, or 80 kJ, is stored in two ATP molecules, 120 kJ of energy, or 60%, is stored in the cell.

Oxygen stage of glycolysis

This reaction differs from oxygen-free cleavage by the participation of oxygen and the complete breakdown of glucose with the formation of the final products CO2 and H2O. The initial reaction product involves 2 moles of C3H6O3 (lactic acid); As a result, 36 moles of ATP are synthesized.

2C3H6O3+6O2+36H3PO4+36 ADP → 6CO2+36 ATP +42H2O

This means that the main source of energy is formed during the oxygen stage of glycolysis (2600 kJ)

Of the 2600 kJ of energy obtained as a result of the aerobic process of glycolysis, 1440 kJ, or 54%, is used for the chemical bonds of ATP.

The overall equation for the reaction of anoxic and oxygenic breakdown of glucose looks like this:

C6H12O6+6O2+38H3PO4+38 ADP → 6CO3+38 ATP +44H2O

The energy generated in the process of oxygen-free and oxygen splitting of 80 kJ + 1440 kJ = 1520 kJ, or 55%, is stored in the form of potential energy, used for the life processes of the cell, and 45% is used in the form of heat energy.

• Energy is released through combustion and respiration. The combustion reaction occurs in nature, and the respiration reaction occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.
• The energy used for the life processes of the cell is stored in the form of ATP.
• The ATP molecule is synthesized during oxygenic and oxygen-free breakdown of glucose.
• The energy generated during glycolysis is stored 55% as potential energy, and 45% is converted into heat energy.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in plant chloroplasts. They contain pigment chlorophyll, giving green color to plants. The pigment chlorophyll, absorbing blue and red rays, is reflected green and gives the corresponding color to plants.

Photosynthesis has two phases - light and dark . In the light phase, reactions with a false mechanism occur using the energy of sunlight. These include: ATP synthesis, NADP∙H formation, water photolysis

Photosynthesis plays an important role in converting the energy of the sun in the form of ATP into the energy of chemical bonds, which can be seen in the diagram:

Photosynthesis

Solar energy ATP Organic matter

Growth, development, movement, etc.

During photosynthesis, plants store energy from the sun in the form of organic compounds; when they respire, nutrient molecules are broken down, releasing energy. These phenomena provide the energy necessary for ATP synthesis.

Dark phase of photosynthesis

In the dark phase of photosynthesis, CO2 (carbon monoxide) is of great importance. Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides are synthesized using the energy of ATP, NADP∙H. Since the synthesis of these organic substances does not use light energy, these organic substances do not use light energy, this process is called the dark phase of photosynthesis.

In the dark phase, a five-carbon carbohydrate (C5) participates as the initial reaction product. The formation of a three-carbon compound (C 3) is called WITH 3 – cycle, or Calvin cycle .

For the discovery of this cycle, the American biochemist M. Calvin was awarded the Nobel Prize.

Protein biosynthesis, a complex, multi-step process, involves DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, ATP and various enzymes.

The system of recording genetic information in DNA (mRNA) in the form of a specific sequence of nucleotides is called genetic code

Transcription (literally “rewriting”) proceeds as a matrix synthesis reaction. On a DNA chain, as on a template, according to the principle of complementarity, an mRNA chain is synthesized, which in its nucleotide sequence exactly copies (complementary) the sequence of nucleotides of the matrix - the polynucleotide chain of DNA, and thymine in DNA corresponds to uracil in RNA.

BROADCAST

The next step in protein biosynthesis is broadcast(Latin for “transfer”) is the translation of a nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

• Maintaining a constant internal state.
• One of the most important properties of the body.
• Metabolism of substances and energy occurs at all levels of the body.

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Slide captions:

Metabolism. Norms and diet. Completed by: Biology teacher Ismailova V.V.

Metabolism (metabolism) is a set of chemical reactions in living organisms that ensure their growth, development, and vital processes.

Metabolism (Metabolism and energy) Plastic metabolism (assimilation) - synthesis of organic substances (carbohydrates, fats, proteins), with energy consumption. Energy metabolism (dissimilation) - the breakdown of organic substances, with the release of energy. The final breakdown products are carbon, water, and ATP.

Metabolism The process takes place in 3 phases: Preparatory phase Main phase Final phase

Preparatory phase Plastic metabolism Energy metabolism Synthesis of intermediate substances from low molecular weight substances (organic acids) Decomposition of complex energy substances into simple ones under the influence of digestive enzymes. Proteins amino acids fats glycerol and fatty acids starch glucose

Main phase Plastic metabolism Energy metabolism Synthesis of “building blocks” from intermediate compounds (amino acids, fatty acids, monosaccharides) Glucose undergoes breakdown. Glucose PVC + E

Final phase Plastic metabolism Energy metabolism Synthesis from the “building blocks” of proteins, nucleic acids, fats. PVC PVC carbon dioxide + hydrogen undergoes splitting

Protein metabolism 1) Under the action of digestive tract enzymes (pepsin, trypsin), proteins are broken down into amino acids. 2) Amino acids enter the liver, where excess amino acids lose their nitrogen and are converted into fats and carbohydrates. 3) In cells, body proteins are built from amino acids.

Essential amino acids Valine (meat, mushrooms, dairy and grain products) Isoleucine (chicken meat, liver, eggs, fish) Leucine (meat, fish, nuts) Lysine (fish, eggs, meat, beans) Methionine (milk, beans, fish, beans)

6) Threonine (dairy products, eggs, nuts) 7) Tryptophan (bananas, dates, chicken, dairy products) 8) Phenylalanine (beef, fish, eggs, milk) 9) Arginine (pumpkin seeds, beef, pork, sesame) 10 ) Histidine (beef, chicken, lentils, salmon)

Functions of proteins: Structural-plastic Supporting Catalytic Protective Transport Energy Antitoxic

Fat metabolism Under the action of bile and lipase, fats break down into fatty acids and glycerol. Enters fat depots and cells through the lymphatic system. Used as a reserve substance and building material.

Functions of fats Structural-plastic Regulatory Thermal insulation Energy

Carbohydrate metabolism Under the action of the enzymes amylase, maltase, and ptyalin, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and simple carbohydrates. Decay products enter the liver through blood vessels. In the liver, the excess is converted into glycogen, and the rest is distributed among the cells of the body.

Functions of carbohydrates Structural-plastic Protective Energy

Water-salt metabolism Neither water nor mineral salts are sources of energy, but they are necessary for the implementation of the most important functions of the body.

Water is necessary for the normal course of many physiological processes: it is a solvent, takes part in the formation of the structure of organic molecules, performs transport functions, participates in temperature regulation, and participates in hydrolysis reactions of various substances. Mineral substances determine osmotic pressure, participate in nervous stimulation, muscle contractions, and blood clotting.

Elements of mineral salts Macroelements Calcium Ca Potassium K Sodium Na Phosphorus P Chlorine Cl Microelements Iron Fe Cobalt Co Zinc Zn Fluorine F Iodine J