Magazines “Otechestvennye zapiski” and “Sovremennik”: history, structure and direction of publications. Magazines as socio-political publications (“Otechestvennye zapiski” and “Sovremennik”) The Sovremennik magazine was

“Sovremennik” is the name of various Russian magazines of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

“Contemporary” by Pushkin and Pletnev
"Contemporary" (1837)

Literary and socio-political magazine founded by A. S. Pushkin. Published in St. Petersburg 4 times a year since 1836. The magazine published works by Nikolai Gogol (“The Stroller”, “The Morning of a Business Man”, “The Nose”), Alexander Turgenev, V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Vyazemsky, V. F. Odoevsky, D. V. Davydov, N. M. Yazykova, E.A. Baratynsky, F.I. Tyutcheva, A.V. Koltsova. The first issue contained the article “On Rhyme” by E. F. Rosen. He published poetry, prose, critical, historical, ethnographic and other materials.

The magazine did not have reader success: the Russian public still had to get used to the new type of serious periodical devoted to topical problems, interpreted by necessity with hints. The magazine only had 600 subscribers, which made it ruinous for the publisher, since neither printing costs nor staff fees were covered. Pushkin fills more than half of the last two volumes of Sovremennik with his works, mostly anonymous. The magazine published his “Feast of Peter I”, “From A. Chenier”, “The Miserly Knight”, “Journey to Arzerum”, “Pedigree of my hero”, “Shoemaker”, “Roslavlev”, “John Tenner”, “Captain’s daughter".

After Pushkin's death, the magazine was continued during 1837 by a group of writers led by P. A. Vyazemsky, then P. A. Pletnev (1837-1846). S. A. Zakrevskaya made her debut in the magazine (1837, vol. 8). In 1838-1847, the magazine published articles, stories, novels, and translations by F. F. Korf. Since 1843 the magazine began to be published monthly. The magazine fell into disrepair. P. A. Pletnev sold it in September 1846 to N. A. Nekrasov and I. I. Panaev.

“Contemporary” by Nekrasov and Panaev
Literary and socio-political monthly magazine; published on January 1, 1847. In 1847-1848, the official editor was A.V. Nikitenko. The magazine's program was determined by the articles of its ideological leader V. G. Belinsky.

Nekrasov invited I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Goncharov (“Ordinary History”), A. I. Herzen (“Who is to blame?”, “The Thieving Magpie,” “Notes of Doctor Krupov”), N. . P. Ogareva, A. V. Druzhinina (“Polinka Sax”). The magazine published works by L. N. Tolstoy, articles by T. N. Granovsky, S. M. Solovyov, K. D. Kavelin. The magazine published translations of works by Charles Dickens, George Sand, Thackeray and other Western European writers.

The director of the magazine from 1853 was, along with Nekrasov, N. G. Chernyshevsky and from 1856 - N. A. Dobrolyubov. Since 1858, the magazine conducted a sharp polemic with liberal and conservative journalism, and became the ideological center and tribune of the revolutionary-democratic direction of Russian social thought. This led to a split in the editorial office: Tolstoy, Turgenev, and D. V. Grigorovich left it.

In June 1862 the magazine was suspended for 8 months. The editorial board of the journal, which was resumed by Nekrasov at the beginning of 1863, included M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (until 1864), M. A. Antonovich, G. Z. Eliseev, A. N. Pypin. The magazine published works by Saltykov-Shchedrin, V. A. Sleptsov, F. M. Reshetnikov, G. I. Uspensky. In June 1866 the magazine was closed.

"Contemporary" 1911-1915

A monthly magazine of “literature, politics, science, history, art and public life”, published in 1911-1915 in St. Petersburg. Since 1914 it has been published twice a month. The actual editor was A. V. Amfitheatrov, from 1913 - N. Sukhanov (N. N. Gimmer).

Literature

* History of Russian journalism of the 18th-19th centuries. Moscow: Higher School, 1966. pp. 188-194, 267-281.

"Domestic Notes" by Kraevsky - Russian literary magazine of the 19th century, which had a significant influence on the movement of literary life and the development of social thought in Russia; published in St. Petersburg in 1818-1884 (with interruptions). The magazine was founded by the historian and writer P. P. Svinin in 1818 and was filled with articles on the topics of history, geography, life and customs of Russia. In the early 1820s, journalist, writer, and historian N. A. Polevoy took part in the magazine. Published until 1831; in 1838 it was resumed by Svinin and in January 1839 transferred to A. A. Kraevsky.

The publisher and editor of the magazine, Kraevsky, transformed “Domestic Notes” into a monthly scientific, literary and political magazine of large volume (up to 40 printed pages). Each issue contained sections “Modern Chronicle of Russia”, “Science”, “Literature”, “Arts”, “Household Economics, Agriculture and Industry in General”, “Criticism”, “Modern Bibliographic Chronicle”, “Mixture”.

Writers of different directions and generations were invited to participate in the magazine - V. A. Zhukovsky, V. F. Odoevsky, historians M. P. Pogodin. Belinsky attracted his friends and like-minded people V. P. Botkin, Bakunin, and later in “ “Domestic Notes” took part in N. P. Ogarev, A. I. Herzen, N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev. Zhukovsky and Vyazemsky gradually left the magazine.

The magazine fought against “Northern Bee” by Bulgarin and Grech and “Library for Reading” by Senkovsky, “Moscowite” by Pogodin and Shevyrev and Slavophiles. For material and everyday reasons (Kraevsky paid Belinsky low for his work, while at the same time demanding that he write profusely on a wide variety of topics) and ideological reasons, Belinsky stopped working in the magazine from April 1846 and from January 1847 became a critic of the Sovremennik magazine by Nekrasov and Panaev. Herzen also moved to Sovremennik. The departure of some of the staff affected the position and reputation of the magazine, which remained a publication with a liberal-Western orientation, but was gradually losing its popularity. The publisher-editor of the magazine in 1860-1866, together with Kraevsky, was S. S. Dudyshkin. In 1866-1867, historian and publicist N. Ya. Aristov participated in the magazine. In 1868, Kraevsky handed over the magazine to N. A. Nekrasov.

According to the agreement with Kraevsky, he remained the official editor of the magazine and retained some property rights, but from 1868 N. A. Nekrasov became the actual leader. Nekrasov, leaving behind the general management of the magazine and the poetry department, attracted M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (fiction) and G. Z. Eliseev (journalism) to lead the magazine. After the death of Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin became the director of Otechestvennye Zapiski, and N.K. Mikhailovsky became the co-editor. The magazine, partly continuing the revolutionary-democratic line of Sovremennik, was of a populist nature. The magazine's circulation grew from two to six to eight thousand copies and regained its influence.

In April 1884, the magazine was closed by personal order of the chief censor of Russia, head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs, Evgeniy Feoktistov, in the recent past - an employee of the magazine.

He published Russian and foreign literature.

"Contemporary"- Russian magazine published in 1836-1866. Literary and socio-political magazine founded by A. S. Pushkin. Published in St. Petersburg 4 times a year since 1836. The magazine published works by Nikolai Gogol (“The Stroller”, “The Morning of a Business Man”, “The Nose”), Alexander Turgenev, V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Vyazemsky, V. F. Odoevsky, D. V. Davydov, N. M. Yazykova, E.A. Baratynsky, F.I. Tyutcheva, A.V. Koltsova. The first issue contained the article “On Rhyme” by E. F. Rosen. He published poetry, prose, critical, historical, ethnographic and other materials. The magazine did not have reader success: the Russian public still had to get used to the new type of serious periodical devoted to topical problems, interpreted by necessity with hints. The magazine only had 600 subscribers, which made it ruinous for the publisher, since neither printing costs nor staff fees were covered. Pushkin fills more than half of the last two volumes of Sovremennik with his works, mostly anonymous. The magazine published his “Feast of Peter I”, “From A. Chenier”, “The Miserly Knight”, “Journey to Arzerum”, “Pedigree of my hero”, “Shoemaker”, “Roslavlev”, “John Tenner”, “Captain’s daughter". After Pushkin's death, the magazine was continued during 1837 by a group of writers led by P. A. Vyazemsky, then P. A. Pletnev (1837-1846). S. A. Zakrevskaya made her debut in the magazine (1837, vol. 8). In 1838-1847, the magazine published articles, stories, novels, and translations by F. F. Korf. Since 1843 the magazine began to be published monthly. The magazine fell into disrepair. P. A. Pletnev sold it in September 1846 to N. A. Nekrasov and I. I. Panaev.

Literary and socio-political monthly magazine; published on January 1, 1847. In 1847-1848, the official editor was A.V. Nikitenko. The magazine's program was determined by the articles of its ideological leader V. G. Belinsky. Nekrasov invited I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Goncharov (“Ordinary History”), A. I. Herzen (“Who is to blame?”, “The Thieving Magpie,” “Notes of Doctor Krupov”), N. . P. Ogareva, A. V. Druzhinina (“Polinka Sax”). The magazine published works by L. N. Tolstoy, articles by T. N. Granovsky, S. M. Solovyov, K. D. Kavelin. The magazine published translations of works by Charles Dickens, George Sand, Thackeray and other Western European writers.

The director of the magazine from 1853 was, along with Nekrasov, N. G. Chernyshevsky and from 1856 - N. A. Dobrolyubov. Since 1858, the magazine conducted a sharp polemic with liberal and conservative journalism, and became the ideological center and tribune of the revolutionary-democratic direction of Russian social thought. This led to a split in the editorial office: Tolstoy, Turgenev, and D. V. Grigorovich left it.

In June 1862 the magazine was suspended for 8 months. The editorial board of the journal, which was resumed by Nekrasov at the beginning of 1863, included M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (until 1864), M. A. Antonovich, G. Z. Eliseev, A. N. Pypin. The magazine published works by Saltykov-Shchedrin, V. A. Sleptsov, F. M. Reshetnikov, G. I. Uspensky. In June 1866 the magazine was closed.

93. The emergence and development of the press of Udmurtia at the beginning of the 20th century. (leaflets, calendars, newspapers)

Materials about our region, most of which belonged to the Vyatka province, systematically appeared periodically. publications, printing in Vyatka, incl. “Vyatka Provincial Gazette” - VGV (1838–1917), “Vyatskaya Gazeta” (1894–1907), “Vyatka Territory” (1895–98), “Vyatka Life” (1905–06). By the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. with the development of industry and trade, merchant Sarapul, as well as Elabuga and worker Izhevsk, already surpassed many district and provincial centers in population and influence, and therefore could not do without their own information organ. In Jan. 1895 Ch. Department of Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Del Ros. the empire allowed the publication of gas. in Sarapul. On May 4, 1897, the first issue of the Sarapul Announcement Sheet was published. In 1906, it began to appear daily in Sarapul. social-political, literary, commercial gas. "Prikama region". The Kama List of Announcements was published in Yelabuga (1897–1904). In 1904 the first homer of the Izhevsk Telegrams was published, and 10 years later - gas. "Ads of Izhevsk".

In the wake of the first Russian revolution, gas appeared. “Izhevsk worker”, “Work sheet”, “News of the Prikamsky worker”. In 1905–07, local committees of the RSDLP published their publications: in Votkinsk - “Bulletin”, in Izhevsk - “Worksheet”, in Glazov - “First Ray”. The Izhevsk cadets, led by gun manufacturer V.I. Petrov, emitted gas. "People's Freedom". After Oct. revolutions began to take shape. press. 7(20) Sept. 1917 with money, collected. workers of Izhevsk, published “News of the Izhevsk Council of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies.” Publication was interrupted in Aug. 1918 during the counter-revolution. mutiny. In 1918, “News of the Glazov Council of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies” was published in Glazov. At the same time, during the days of the 1918 rebellion in Izhevsk, according to the EF. Shumilov, five newspapers were published carrying out anti-Soviet propaganda. Among them are “Izhevsk Defender”, “Democracy”. There were also anti-Soviet ones - “Votkinsk Life”, Sarapul Gaz. "Worker." At the same time, on the other side of the front, the Bolsheviks were blowing gas. "New way". Gas was leaking at the headquarters of the Azin division. "Struggle".

The annual calendars of I. Mikheev are considered the beginning of the Udmurt national periodical press. (4 editions for 1905-1910). In 1915, the first UDM was published in Vyatka. language gas. “Voinais Ivor” (“News from the War”), published by gr. missionaries in ch. with P. Glezdenev. During the years of Civil wars came out udm. gas. “Gord gyrly” (“Red Bell”), “Surlo” (“Sickle”). From 15 Aug. 1917 in Vyatka, Vyatskoe province. The zemstvo emitted gas. "Udmort", which since Jan. In 1918 it became an organ of the UDM. section of national minorities of Glazov district. executive committee The publication was discontinued in 1919. In 1918, the newspaper “Ville Sin” (“New Look”) was published in Yelabuga. Means. event in the formation of UDM. periodic The publication Gaz appeared in print. “Gudyri” (“Thunder”), the first issue was published on October 31. 1918 as an organ of the UDM. sections dept. National minorities of Yelabuga district. executive committee From Jan. 1920 it became the organ of the UDM. commissariat in the city of Sarapul, from July 26, 1921 to 1930, it was published first in Glazvoy, then in Izhevsk as an organ of the Votsky OK of the RCP (b) and the regional executive committee. For the northern Udmurts, gas has been supplied to Glazov since 1927. “Vyl Gurt” (“New Village”) - as the organ of the Udmurt Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1930 it was renamed “Lenin Sures” (“Lenin’s Way”). Among its authors were I. Kalinin, A. Nagovitsyn (Ochko Sanko), K. Gerd, Kedra Mitrey and other famous figures.

After the suppression of the Izhevsk-Votkinsk rebellion, December 4 came out. 1918 first number gas. "Izhevskaya Pravda". To cover the life of the village, Izhevskaya Pravda published weekly. application “Voice of the Peasant”, the first issue of which was published on November 3. 1924 (later “New Village”, from November 1930 - “Collective Farm Truth”). In accordance with post. Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On rural district and grassroots press” (Jan. 18, 1931) and the creation of the district. newspapers, publication of the supplement was discontinued, and Izhevskaya Pravda itself in 1937 would be renamed Udmurtskaya Pravda.

Printing for children and youth was born. 11 Sep. 1921 The first issue of gas was published. “Young Metalist”, organ of the region. and Izhevsk district. k-tov RKSM shooting range. 1500 copies In the end Sep. 1921 The Koms began to be published. gas. “Egit Fool” (“Young Blacksmith”) on UDM. language Both gas. came out once every 2 weeks. Due to the lack of gas supply. “Egit Fool” was soon closed. Next year to several the rooms came out of gas. “To Replace”, “Lenin’s Replacement”.

In the 1920s At the initiative of K. Gerd, attempts are being made to publish children's magazines at UDM. language “Mush” (“Bee”, 1920, 3 issues), “Pichi Demenchi” (“Young Collectivist”, 1930-31, 10 issues), “Kuzili” (“Ant”, 1927 - No. 1, 1928 - No. 1, 2). Gas has been produced since 1931. "Egit Bolshevik" ("Young Bolshevik"). For young readers, in 1930 it began to be published on UDM. language gas. “Das lu!” ("Be ready!").

A specialized press also emerged. According to theater expert V.V. Lozhkin, in 1928 “Actor and Spectator”, a weekly magazine of the Theater named after. M. Gorky, which was based in the Summer Theater (territory of the modern city garden named after M. Gorky). At the turn of the 1920s and 30s, journals were published. for the party campaign “For Study” and “Activist”. The biweekly magazine of the Udmurt OK CPSU(b) “Activist” was published in 1928–30 in Izhevsk. Addressed to the party activists of the city and village, it covered party issues. buildings (circulation in 1930 - 3 thousand copies).

By the early 1930s, the party-Soviet press was taking shape with a system of republican and district newspapers, which were organs of party committees and Soviets of Working People's Deputies. In 1932, 24 gases were published, incl. 14 on udm. language, in 1935 - 42 gas: 6 republics, 28 districts, 8 factories, incl. 23 on udm. language General one-time shooting range. 90 thousand copies, per udm. 50 thousand copies.

A split in the editorial board of Sovremennik was becoming inevitable. The last reason for this was the article written by Dobrolyubov in 1860, “When will the real day come?” (about Turgenev’s novel “On the Eve”). In this article, Dobrolyubov predicted the imminent appearance of the Russian Insarovs, who would fight for the liberation of Russia, against all oppressors of the people. Turgenev became acquainted with Dobrolyubov’s article before it appeared in print and demanded that Nekrasov not publish this article. He presented an ultimatum to Nekrasov: “Choose - me or Dobrolyubov.” Nekrasov was put in an extremely difficult position: he had an almost twenty-year friendship with Turgenev, and in addition, with Turgenev’s departure from the Sovremennik magazine, he was deprived of a most talented writer. However, ideological considerations prevailed.

Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov were ideological and moral teachers for Nekrasov. The poet of “revenge and sorrow” decisively took Dobrolyubov’s side. His article, although heavily censored, appeared in the magazine, made a huge impression, and the break became a fait accompli. Even earlier, the critic and prose writer A.V. Druzhinin, who was sharply hostile towards Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, as well as L. Tolstoy, I. Goncharov and D. Grigorovich, who were alien to the revolutionary positions of Sovremennik, supporters of “art for art’s sake”, left the magazine » poets A. Fet and A. Maikov.

The role of Sovremennik in the public life of that time was enormous. Each book in the magazine became an event. The fiery articles of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov and the poems of Nekrasov fostered “unbridled, wild hostility towards the oppressors” and called for struggle and revolution. The government was frightened by the revolutionary sermon that sounded from the pages of the magazine. The head of the gendarme corps, Timashev, told Panaev: “I give the deputy advice - to clear your magazine of such employees as Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and their entire gang.” “Destroy Chernyshevsky with his brothers and Sovremennik. This is a dangerous enemy, more dangerous than Herzen,” wrote an anonymous informer to the security department.

Censorship persecution intensified to an unprecedented degree. In November 1861, Sovremennik suffered an irreplaceable loss: Dobrolyubov died. In the same year, the talented poet and translator M. L. Mikhailov, a close friend of Chernyshevsky, was arrested and then sentenced to hard labor in Siberia; he was soon exiled to hard labor and another Sovremennik employee, V. A. Obruchev; the young poet Golts-Miller, who had previously published in the magazine, was languishing in prison. The ranks of Sovremennik employees were thinning every day, but those who remained continued to work with all the more passion.

Then the government took the path of direct reprisal against the rebellious magazine: on June 15, 1862, Sovremennik was closed for eight months, and three weeks later the ideological leader and inspirer of the magazine, N.G., was arrested, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and then exiled to Siberia. . Chernyshevsky.

The forced silence of Sovremennik lasted for eight months, but when the first (double) issue of the magazine appeared in 1863, the reading public was convinced that Sovremennik remained faithful to the great traditions of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov. Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Pomyalovsky, Reshetnikov, Nikolai Uspensky, critics and publicists Antonovich and Eliseev, Pleshcheev together continued the fight against reaction, skillfully bypassing censorship obstacles. The significance of the activities of Saltykov-Shchedrin, who in his articles castigated all the deformities of the social life of the then Russia, was especially great. Taking advantage of the oversight of the censorship, which did not discern the socialist orientation of Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”, Nekrasov published this work of his imprisoned friend and teacher in the magazine. The novel was an unprecedented success among progressive youth and caused belated and malicious attacks from the reactionary press.

The censorship persecution did not weaken, and only Nekrasov’s superhuman efforts can explain the fact that the magazine existed for another three and a half years. By 1866, Sovremennik had already received two warnings about closure, the second of which was the result of Nekrasov’s poem “The Railway” published in the magazine. The censor found in this poem “a terrible slander that cannot be read without shuddering.” The direction of the magazine was defined by the censor as follows: “Opposition to the government, extreme political and moral opinions, democratic aspirations, and finally, religious negation and materialism.”

On April 4, 1866, Karakozov attempted to assassinate Alexander II. To fight “sedition”, General Muravyov was summoned from Vilna and given dictatorial powers, who received the nickname “hangman” for the brutal suppression of the Polish uprising. All leading writers lived in anxious daily, hourly expectation of search and arrest. Sovremennik employee Eliseev colorfully spoke about this time: “Anyone who did not live in St. Petersburg at that time and did not belong to literary circles... cannot imagine the panic that took place here. Every writer who did not belong to Katkov’s movement... considered himself a doomed victim and was sure that he would certainly be arrested, just because he was a writer... Employees of Sovremennik, which Katkov looked upon as a hotbed and den of all kinds harmful teachings, especially since they were convinced of the inevitability of such a fate for themselves"; It became clear that the days of Sovremennik were numbered. Nekrasov, like most of the leading writers, was experiencing a state of extreme anxiety. As the editor-in-chief of Sovremennik N.A. Nekrasov, who devoted twenty years of his life to the magazine, made various attempts to preserve the organ of progressive social thought. However, nothing helped. In June 1866, Sovremennik was closed again, and this time - forever. At the same time, another progressive one was banned. the magazine “Russian Word”, whose eye collaborator was D.I. Pisarev, who languished in the Peter and Paul Fortress for four years, “Russian Word”, according to the democratic figure of the 60s Shelgunov, was the other side of the coin, the first side of which was represented by “Sovremennik”. “Russian Word” was like an addition to “Sovremennik”. The disagreements that sometimes arose between these journals reflected disagreements within one, although not united, democratic camp. “Russian Word” shared the fate of “Sovremennik” to the end: in 1866, both magazines were banned forever.

All of Pisarev’s best articles were published in Russian Word, and when this magazine was banned, Pisarev moved to Otechestvennye zapiski. Druzhinin's views could not and did not have success among wide circles of society in the 60s. The best part of the Russian intelligentsia followed* Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov and agreed with Nekrasov, who said: “There is no science for science, no art for art - they all exist for the ennoblement and elevation of man...” Poets who shared Druzhinin’s theories: Fet, Maikov and others were not popular among the advanced part of Russian society. The poetic leader of the generation was Nekrasov, followed by a large group of talented poets: M. L. Mikhailov. A. N. Pleshcheev, V. S. Kurochkin. D. D. Minaev and others. Katkoz’s magazine “Russian Messenger” (published since 1856) took a particularly hostile position to Sovremennik.

"Russian Messenger" was a center of attraction for many liberal and conservative writers. Supported by the government, Katkov’s journal became a kind of “black headquarters” of the reaction.

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1836 Sovremennik was allowed as a literary collection, published four times a year. In appearance, it resembled an almanac, having only two sections - “Poems” and “Prose”.

Pushkin managed to turn a literary collection-almanac into a social literary magazine with all the materials characteristic of such a magazine - works of art, criticism, bibliography, articles on the history and theory of literature, articles that touched upon issues of modern politics (of course, not directly, but “ indirectly"), economics, national history, culture and education, there was a heated debate with the reactionary "magazine triumvirate".

After Pushkin's death in 1837, Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky, Odoevsky, Pletnev and Kraevsky published four volumes of Sovremennik in favor of the poet's family. In 1838, Pletnev acquired the right to Sovremennik, which at the end of 1846 was bought from him by Nekrasov and Panaev.

Pletnev failed to return Sovremennik to its former glory; it was a boring publication of an academic type, without criticism and polemics; he held on only by publishing Pushkin's works that were not published during the poet's lifetime.

In 1847, a new period began in the history of Sovremennik, which united on its pages the most advanced representatives of Russian social thought, led by Belinsky.

The Sovremennik magazine occupies a central place among censored revolutionary democratic publications in Russia in the mid-19th century. In the 50s and 60s, Sovremennik became the center of propaganda for the ideas of the democratic revolution. The magazine consistently defends the interests of the peasants - the main social force that fought for the destruction of the feudal-serf system. This direction was given to Sovremennik by a new editor, which included N. G. Chernyshevsky and N. A. Dobrolyubov.

Having attracted Chernyshevsky to the magazine in 1854, Nekrasov had high hopes for him. Difficult censorship conditions and the dominance of liberal-minded employees in the editorial office caused Sovremennik to increasingly lose its edge. It was necessary to take a decisive step towards reviving Belinsky’s traditions in order to further develop and multiply them.

In the magazine, the reader found bright poems by Nekrasov, full of revolutionary pathos; in 1857, Shchedrin’s story “The Groom” was published here, and the following year Beecher Stowe’s novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” appeared, dedicated to the theme of slavery of American blacks. The magazine's fiction as a whole increasingly served to promote liberation ideas.

The transition of Sovremennik to the position of revolutionary democracy led to a change in the very nature of the publication: the magazine from a literary one, as it was not so long ago, turned into a socio-political and literary one. Actually, it was at this time that it emerged as a type of “thick” socio-political, literary and artistic monthly.

The increasing role of fiction in the 40s was explained by the fact that at that time fiction was the main form of propaganda of advanced ideas. Under such conditions, the only possible type of advanced publication was a literary magazine. That is why Sovremennik emerged as a literary and public press organ.

In the mid-50s, fiction could not satisfy the democrats, who, in the conditions of a maturing revolutionary situation, especially felt the need to develop a theory. The importance of political, economic, philosophical articles, and journalism in general has increased. From a literary magazine, Sovremennik becomes a socio-political magazine.

The editors did a great job of changing the character of the magazine under the conditions of a cruel censorship regime. Back in the summer of 1856, it was decided to create a new department - “Modern chronicle of political events in our fatherland and other countries.” The publishers of the magazine, Panaev and Nekrasov, sent a letter to the Minister of Public Education. And although the liberal organs - “Russian Bulletin”, “Russian Conversation” - were allowed to have a department “Review of Contemporary Political Events”, the request of the editors of Sovremennik was rejected.

In 1856-1857 “Contemporary” consisted of five departments: “Literature”, “Science and Arts”, “Criticism”, “Bibliography” and “Mixture”. At the beginning of 1858, the magazine actually consisted of three parts: the first section was “Literature, Science and Arts”, the second was “Criticism and Bibliography” and the third was “Mixture”. Combining “literature” with “sciences” made it possible to expand the journalistic section with each issue.

The restructuring of the magazine's structure ended in early 1859, when two departments were created. The first contained works of fiction, as well as articles of a scientific nature. The second department included journalism, criticism and bibliography.

The transition of Sovremennik to the position of revolutionary democracy was clearly manifested in its sharp criticism of the feudal-serf system.

The struggle for civil liberties occupied an important place in the magazine's articles on the peasant question. “Sovremennik” demanded that peasants be given all civil rights on an equal basis with other classes; he advocated the complete liberation of peasants from any obligatory relations with landowners and the organization of local self-government independent of the landowner.

Coming out with a revolutionary-democratic program for the elimination of serfdom, Sovremennik showed the impossibility of carrying out fundamental social changes through reforms “from above.” The discussion of the specific conditions for the abolition of serfdom was accompanied by an exposure of the entire reform policy of the tsarist government. The magazine propagated the path of people's revolution.

The struggle of Sovremennik with liberal-monarchist journalism went through several stages, from the first, relatively calm, disputes on literary issues in 1854 - 1855. before the fiercest battles of 1860 - 1861. and dealt with various problems. The nature of the controversy changed as the crisis of the feudal-serf system worsened and the revolutionary movement in the country grew.

Controversy between Sovremennik and the press of liberals and serf owners on the peasant question. Liberals fought to preserve landownership and often proposed freeing peasants without land. Chernyshevsky wrote that demands to reduce, and even more so liquidate, peasant plots contradict common sense.

In June 1862, Sovremennik was suspended for eight months for “harmful direction,” and on July 7, Chernyshevsky was arrested.

The suspension of Sovremennik in June 1862 for eight months and the subsequent arrest of Chernyshevsky were such a blow from which it seemed unlikely to recover. However, very soon Nekrasov obtained permission to resume the magazine in February 1863. But the losses were irreparable, and Sovremennik 1863-1866. could not rise again to the heights that Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov managed to conquer.

At first, in addition to Nekrasov, the new edition included M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. A. Antonovich, G. Z. Eliseev and A. N. Pypin. At the end of 1864, Saltykov-Shchedrin refused to participate in editing Sovremennik. The leadership role in the magazine passed to Pypin, Antonovich, and Eliseev. This, of course, was reflected in the publication’s positions, which on many issues became contradictory, confused, and unclear. The departure of Saltykov-Shchedrin from the editorial office was a serious loss for the publication. Shchedrin remained the only person who, in his journalistic work, stood at the level of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov.

On the pages of Sovremennik in these same years, the reader became acquainted with such works as “Difficult Times” by V. A. Sleptsov, “Podlipovtsy” and “Miners” by F. M. Reshetnikov, “Morals of Rasteryaeva Street” by G. I. Uspensky, “Essays on the Bursa” by N. G. Pomyalovsky, stories by Saltykov-Shchedrin. The poetry of Nekrasov was widely represented, whose poems were published in many issues.

The focus of the magazine's fiction writers 1863-1866. There was a hard life for Russian peasants, which did not change at all after the notorious “liberation”. Another important theme of the magazine's fiction is the fight against reaction, exposing the enemies of the people.

The inconsistency and vagueness of the magazine's positions in 1863-1866, caused primarily by the composition of the staff and serious contradictions within the editorial board, led to a sharp decline in the ideological level of Sovremennik.

Sovremennik played a huge role in the history of Russian journalism; it was an outstanding censorship organ of revolutionary democracy in the 60s. His example opened the way for new journals of the democratic and socialist press of the later period. The first among them should be called “Notes of the Fatherland,” revived in the second half of the 60s through the efforts of N. A. Nekrasov. All the best that was in Otechestvennye zapiski in the 70-80s - political acuity, topicality, revolutionary passion - came from Sovremennik, was a continuation and development of its best traditions.

Domestic notes of the 40s:

The journal “Domestic Notes” was founded by the official of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs P. P. Svinin in 1818 - a historian, geographer with themes about the life of the people prospering under the rule of the tsar and landowners. 1838 ceded the right to publish the magazine to A. A. Kraevsky, in whose hands they were transformed. The goal is to convey to the domestic public everything that could be encountered in literature and life that is wonderful, useful, and pleasant.”

Among the employees were writers from the Pushkin circle (Zhukovsky, Vyazemsky, V.F. Odoevsky, D.V. Davydov), and future active participants in “Moskvityanin” (Pogodin, Shevyrev, M.A. Dmitriev, I.I. Davydov), and future Slavophiles (Khomyakov, S. T. Aksakov), and young writers who transferred from “Literary Additions” (Lermontov, Sollogub, I. I. Panaev).

The transformed “Domestic Notes” became a voluminous (up to 40 printed sheets) monthly. Each book of the magazine was divided into eight sections: “Modern Chronicle of Russia”, “Science”, “Literature”, “Arts”, “Household Economics, Agriculture and Industry in General”, “Criticism”, “Modern Bibliographic Chronicle”, “Mixture” .

However, the complete success of the solidly produced publication was hampered by the lack of a definite and clear program. Kraevsky formulated the goals of the magazine vaguely: “to contribute, as much as possible, to Russian enlightenment,” “to enrich the mind with knowledge,” “to tune in to the perception of the impressions of the elegant,” etc.

A magazine that united writers of various persuasions, but did not have its own identity, could not count on lasting success.

In August 1839, Belinsky began publishing in Otechestvennye zapiski, and later took over the leadership of the critical and bibliographic department of the magazine. Belinsky also encouraged his friends to actively participate in the magazine. (Botkin, Bakunin, Granovsky, Ketcher, Kudryavtsev, Ogarev, Herzen, Nekrasov, Turgenev).

Belinsky and the new employees gradually forced many of its former participants, who were hostile to the changes taking place in it, to leave the magazine: Zhukovsky, Vyazemsky, Pletnev, Benediktov, Mezhevich, future Slavophiles and future employees of Moskvityanin. "Domestic Notes" became the tribune of Belinsky and Herzen and the organ of realist writers.

The best works of Russian literature created in the 1840s appeared in Otechestvennye zapiski.

Thanks to Belinsky and the direction he gave to the magazine, writers belonging to the natural school began to collaborate in Otechestvennye zapiski.

One of the most active authors, together with Belinsky, who determined the direction of the journal, was Herzen. Under the pseudonym "Iskander" he published several works of art in "Notes of the Fatherland" ("Notes of a Young Man", "More from the Notes of a Young Man", the first part of the novel "Who is to Blame?"), as well as philosophical works ("Amateurism in science", "Letters on the study of nature") and journalistic articles, including three feuilletons directed against the magazine "Moskvityanin".

Turgenev handed over to Otechestvennye Zapiski almost all of his works created before Notes of a Hunter, published since 1847 in Sovremennik. Several of his poems and poems appeared here, the plays “Carelessness” and “Lack of Money”, the stories “Andrei Kolosov”, “Bretter”, etc. Turgenev’s collaboration in Kraevsky’s magazine continued after the transfer of Belinsky, Herzen, Nekrasov to Sovremennik. At the end of the 1840s and the beginning of the 1850s, Turgenev’s plays “The Bachelor” and “The Provincial Girl” and the stories “The Diary of an Extra Man” and “Yakov Pasynkov” were published in Otechestvennye zapiski.

From the beginning of the 1840s, Nekrasov collaborated with the magazine. In addition to several stories (“An Unusual Breakfast”, “An Experienced Woman”) and poems (“A Modern Ode”, “The Gardener”), he wrote a significant number of sharp anonymous reviews that Belinsky liked.

Dostoevsky, who made his debut in literature with the novel “Poor People,” published in Nekrasov’s “Petersburg Collection” (1846), placed in “Notes of the Fatherland” almost all of his subsequent works of the forties: “The Double,” “Mr. Prokharchin,” “White Nights,” “Netochka Nezvanova” and others.

The beginning of Saltykov-Shchedrin’s literary activity is associated with “Notes of the Fatherland.” In 1847, his story “Contradictions” was published in the magazine, and the following year - the story “A Confused Affair”, for which the author paid with exile. In addition to the mentioned writers, D. V. Grigorovich, V. F. Odoevsky, V. I. Dal, V. A. Sollogub, G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, I. I. Panaev, N. P. Ogarev, E. P. Grebenka, A. D. Galakhov, A. N. Maikov, A. A. Fet and others.

Almost exclusively works of modern foreign authors were placed: George Sand, Dickens, F. Cooper, G. Heine. In addition, several translations from Goethe (excerpts from Faust, Wilhelm Meister, poetry) and a translation of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night were published.

The department of criticism and bibliography published Belinsky’s works: general reviews of Russian literature for 1840–1845, articles on folk poetry, two articles on the work of Lermontov, eleven articles on Pushkin, several polemical notes on Gogol’s “Dead Souls” and a large number of other articles and reviews.

In the “Science” department, in addition to original articles by Russian scientists, works of foreign researchers were published: Thierry, Fr. List, Humboldt, etc. Particular attention was paid to modern Western European life.

Belinsky turned the magazine into a tribune for the ideas of people's liberation and progress in Russia. Belinsky wanted Otechestvennye zapiski to become a true expression of the people's aspirations and would appeal not only to a narrow circle of opposition-minded intelligentsia, but to all progressive readers.

Under difficult censorship conditions, Otechestvennye zapiski fought against serfdom and all its manifestations in the political system, ideology and everyday life. The magazine stood up for education and freedom, for progressive forms of economic, political and cultural life of the country, for the comprehensive development of Russia, and defended the interests of the masses.

Belinsky and Herzen resolutely condemned the disdainful attitude towards the Russian people, towards national culture, characteristic of the ruling classes of Russia. Criticizing the political, economic and cultural backwardness of the country, Otechestvennye zapiski was far from bowing to the West. Belinsky and Herzen valued the achievements of foreign culture, but rejected the foundations of the bourgeois system and bourgeois ideology.

Believing that capitalism was a step forward in the historical development of Russia, Belinsky and Herzen viewed it as a transition to a new, higher phase of social relations - socialism. All departments of Otechestvennye Zapiski actively participated in the promotion of socialist views.

Since April 1846, Belinsky stopped working in Kraevsky's journal.

The censorship terror in the “dark seven years” after 1848 led them to their final decline, loss of authority and influence. By tradition, considering itself a progressive magazine, Otechestvennye Zapiski promotes insipid liberalism, hostile to democracy and not much different from conservatism.

The social upsurge that came after the death of Nicholas I and the Crimean War was no longer able to breathe life into the magazine. And only after Kraevsky, who despaired of the success of the publication, handed it over to Nekrasov and Saltykov-Shchedrin in 1868, did Otechestvennye Zapiski regain its glory as an advanced socio-political and literary journal.

The great Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28 (December 10), 1821 in the town of Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province. Now this is the territory of Ukraine.

His works are familiar to us from childhood and loved; Nekrasov’s poems become folk songs.

It is also known that Nekrasov is the editor of Sovremennik.

Biography of the poet

Nekrasov's mother, Elena Andreevna Zakrevskaya, was one of the most enviable brides - a beautiful and well-educated girl, from Warsaw, from a wealthy family.

The father is a young officer of the regiment stationed in this town, a reveler and gambler, Lieutenant Alexey Sergeevich Nekrasov, unrestrained, rude, cruel, and also poorly educated.

The love of cards, a family trait of the Nekrasovs, led the officer to financial difficulties. By the time he met his future wife, he already had a lot of debt. But, despite his character flaws, the lieutenant was a favorite of the female sex. A beautiful Polish girl fell in love with him, and he decided to take the chance to marry for convenience.

The girl’s parents, of course, were against this marriage, but Elena secretly married her lover. But, alas, the marriage turned out to be unhappy for her, since her husband did not love her.

This union produced 13 children, only three of whom survived.

Childhood and youth of N. A. Nekrasov

The poet spent his childhood in the Yaroslavl province, in the village of Greshnevo, on the Nekrasov estate.

A large family moved there after the retirement of their father, Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov (1788-1862), from the army. My son Nikolai was 3 years old at that time.

The neglected estate did not provide an opportunity to adequately support the family, and the father got a job as an police officer, that is, the chief of police.

His duties included “bringing the disobedient into obedience, pursuing thieves, robbers, military deserters and fugitives in general, and collecting taxes.” The father often took his son with him on his travels. The impressionable and vulnerable Kolya saw a lot of human grief, which influenced his subsequent perception of the world.

In 1832, Nikolai and his older brother Andrei were sent to study in Yaroslavl, to a gymnasium. The brothers were not particularly diligent in their studies, skipping classes. During the lessons, Nikolai was frankly bored, amusing himself by writing satirical epigrams on teachers and gymnasium authorities, thereby ruining his relationship with them. Having somehow reached the 5th grade, the high school student ended up at home in the village, since his father stopped paying for his studies, not seeing much sense in it.

Life in St. Petersburg

The father wanted his son to follow in his footsteps and become a military man, so when Nicholas reached the age of 16, in 1838, he sent him to St. Petersburg to be assigned to a noble regiment.

But Nikolai turned out to be a wayward son, with his own views on his own future. Having met his gymnasium friend in St. Petersburg and getting acquainted with other students, the young poet made a firm decision to study at St. Petersburg University.

The father did not like his son’s decision, and he stopped providing any financial support to the 16-year-old boy, leaving him without a livelihood.

Nikolai began to prepare to enter the university, but, unfortunately, did not pass the entrance exams. He could only become a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology.

From 1839 to 1841 Nekrasov studied at the university, and all this time he was faced with the very acute question of finding his daily bread, since he simply had nowhere to live and nothing to eat.

“For exactly three years,” he later said, “I felt constantly, every day, hungry. More than once it got to the point that I went to a restaurant on Morskaya, where they were allowed to read newspapers, without even asking myself anything. You used to take a newspaper for appearance’s sake, and then push yourself a plate of bread and eat.”

Terrible poverty strengthened the poet’s character, forcing him to find income on his own, but had a negative impact on his health. It also had an adverse effect on his character: he became a “practitioner,” but, unfortunately, not in the best sense of the word.

The beginning of a literary journey

Slowly, his affairs began to improve: he began to publish small articles in the “Literary Supplement to the Russian Invalid”, publish in the “Literary Gazette”, write vaudevilles for the Alexandrinsky Theater (under the pseudonym N. A. Perepelsky), and compose fairy tales in verse.

When the poet had his first savings, he decided to publish his poems in a collection called “Dreams and Sounds,” signed with the initials N.N. This happened in 1840.

The barrage of criticism that fell on the young poet, in particular, V.G. Belinsky forced Nekrasov to buy up and destroy almost the entire circulation.

In our time, this collection is a bibliographic rarity, although the poet’s first works collected in it are very immature.

Meeting with Belinsky

The role that V. G. Belinsky played in the fate of the poet cannot be overestimated. This acquaintance grew into a friendship that lasted until the critic’s death.

In the early 1840s, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov became an employee of the bibliographic department of Otechestvennye Zapiski.

V. G. Belinsky, who headed the critical department in this 19th century literary magazine, had the opportunity to get to know Nekrasov better. The critic who had once criticized the first poems of the young poet now changed his opinion about him, loving him and appreciating the merits of his mind.

He realized, however, that Nekrasov’s prose was of no literary interest, but he enthusiastically accepted his poetry.

His almanacs were published: in 1843 “Articles in verse without pictures”, in 1845 - “Physiology of St. Petersburg”, in 1846 - “April 1”, “Petersburg Collection”.

Nekrasov’s publications began to appear more and more often.

N. A. Nekrasov - creator of the new Sovremennik

Success accompanies Nekrasov, his financial situation improves, and at the end of 1846 he becomes the owner of the literary and socio-political magazine Sovremennik, founded by A. S. Pushkin.

The literary youth who worked in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski and constituted its main backbone followed Nekrasov to the new magazine.

As editor of the Sovremennik magazine, N. A. Nekrasov fully demonstrated his remarkable organizational talent.

The best literary forces gathered in this leading magazine of the time, and they were also united by their hatred of serfdom.

“Contemporary” by N. A. Nekrasov and his associates became a striking event in the literary world of that time.

"Sovremennik" - organ of revolutionary democracy

For almost twenty years, from 1847 to 1866, N. A. Nekrasov headed the publication, which turned into an organ of revolutionary democracy.

As the publisher of Sovremennik, N.A. Nekrasov promoted the ideology of the revolutionary commoners, acting as a defender of the peasants.

The magazine published the program of the peasant socialist revolution, which was developed by Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov and their associates.

Prominent writers of that time worked in the magazine - Saltykov-Shchedrin, Grigorovich, Turgenev, Goncharov, Herzen, Tolstoy, Panaev.

Sovremennik by Nekrasov and Panaev became a magazine that had never existed before.

Talent discoverer

Belinsky also moved to Sovremennik, transferring for publication his materials that he collected for his collection “Leviathan”.

In Nekrasov’s Sovremennik magazine, writers and poets who themselves later became widely known for the first time published their works, and their creations were included in the golden fund of literature of the 19th century.

All this happened thanks to Nekrasov’s extraordinary instinct for great works and gifted people.

Thus, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, the organizer and creator of the new Sovremennik, became a successful discoverer of talented poets and writers in the world of literature.

In addition, he published here his poems and adventure novels, written by him in collaboration with his beloved woman A. Ya. Panaeva, who was also the wife of his friend and colleague I. I. Panaev.

The activities of N. A. Nekrasov, of course, were not limited to his own creativity: in his magazine, the poet showed himself as a revolutionary democrat with an active life position.

As the publisher of Sovremennik, N.A. Nekrasov helped Russian society to explore and observe real life, instilled the habit of thinking and not being afraid to say what you think.

In 1859-1861, during the period of revolutionary ferment in society, differences of opinion began among the authorial staff of Sovremennik. L.N. Tolstoy and I.S. Turgenev understood that changes were needed in society, deeply sympathizing with the people.

But they did not agree with Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, who called for a peasant uprising.

Ban of Sovremennik

Naturally, the authorities could not ignore revolutionary calls.

In the period 1848-1855, Nekrasov, editor of the Sovremennik magazine, had a very difficult time: advanced journalism and literature began to be persecuted by tsarist censorship. The poet had to show remarkable resourcefulness to save the publication’s reputation.

As editor and one of the authors of Sovremennik, Nekrasov did a tremendous job. In order to publish one issue of the magazine, he had to read more than 12 thousand pages of various manuscripts (he still needed to understand someone else’s handwriting), edit about 60 printed sheets of proof, and that’s almost 1000 pages, of which more than half were later destroyed by censorship. He handled all the correspondence with censors and employees - just hellish work.

It is not surprising that Nekrasov became seriously ill, but, fortunately, in Italy he managed to improve his health.

After recovery, the poet begins a happy and fruitful period in his life. Thanks to his remarkably sensitive nature and ability to quickly capture the mood and views of those around him, he becomes a popularly beloved poet, an exponent of the aspirations and suffering of ordinary people.

In 1866, Nekrasov’s Sovremennik magazine was finally closed, and two years later the poet rented Otechestvennye Zapiski from his enemy Kraevsky, raising this magazine to the same level as Sovremennik.

Poem "Contemporaries" by Nikolai Nekrasov

When the magazine was banned, the poet devoted himself entirely to creativity, writing many works on topical topics. One of such works is the poem “Contemporaries”.

The poem turned out to be multifaceted, satirically accusatory, where, with the help of irony, grotesque, even farce, the whole truth about the then Russian bourgeoisie is reflected, the revelry of embezzlers and financial magnates who took control of the power and economy of Russia is shown.

Contemporary readers of the poet easily recognized real officials in each character. The poem amazed readers with its power and truth.

The poet's work

By 1856, Nekrasov, after seventeen years of hard work, published his second collection of works.

This time, critics accepted the fruits of the poet's many years of creativity very favorably - the collection was a huge success.

The collection was deeply thought out, had 4 sections, each of which was devoted to a specific topic: there were serious reflections on the fate of the people, satirical works, and lyrics.

In 1861, the poem “Peddlers” was published about the life of a simple peasant. The song “Korobushka” from it became an independent work, turning into a folk song.

At the same time, “Peasant Children” were created, continuing the theme of the peasant share.

In the last years of his life, Nekrasov was seriously ill, at which time he created “The Last Songs” (1877). Nekrasov dedicated the best poems of this cycle to his wife, Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova (Z.N. Viktorova).

Memoirs of contemporaries

In the memoirs of his contemporaries, Nekrasov appears as a lively, dynamic, charming person, a talented, creative person.

N. G. Chernyshevsky had boundless love for Nekrasov, considered him a great national poet and was his convinced follower, trusting him boundlessly.

But, for example, I. S. Turgenev spoke unflatteringly about him. Nekrasov, like his father, was an avid gambler, he gave no mercy to anyone at cards, he was always lucky.

He was a very contradictory person, far from ideal. He sometimes did not very good deeds, many were offended by him.

But, despite all his personal shortcomings, he still remains one of the most famous and popularly beloved poets. His works touch the soul, are easy to read and are written simply and beautifully, everyone can understand them. This is truly a people's poet.