Environmental problems of the Ural River presentation. Presentation on the topic of environmental problems of the Urals

Air pollution

Yekaterinburg, Krasnoturinsk, Kurgan, Magnitogorsk, Pervouralsk, Raduzhny, Chelyabinsk - these cities are among the cities that are the main polluters of the atmosphere.

In the vicinity of mining industry enterprises, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the content of heavy metals in soils exceeds the maximum permissible concentration by 50-2000 times.

The original appearance of the taiga Urals, Ural steppes and forest-steppes has changed.

Huge landfills have formed around many cities.

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Next, the Modern Urals are an area of ​​industrial, mining, forestry, pasture and arable landscapes. Tarnavskaya M.D. Biology teacher MBOU "Zun-Murinskaya Secondary School" Environmental problems of the Urals.

In place of the Magnitnaya, Vysokaya and Blagodati mountains, giant quarries arose. The original appearance of the taiga Urals, the Ural steppes and forest-steppes changed. Huge landfills have formed around many cities. Dumps of waste rock, slag, waste from metallurgical enterprises, and landfills for household waste occupy tens of thousands of hectares. Further

Depletion of forests Further Deforestation on the slopes of the Ural Mountains in a number of places has led to powerful erosion processes, exposing rocky outcroppings. Long-term deforestation in the Urals over large areas leads to the replacement of valuable coniferous trees with low-value deciduous trees. Acid rain and annual fires aggravate the problem of deforestation of the Ural mountains 1 2 3

Atmospheric pollution Industrial areas of the Urals account for 46% of atmospheric emissions of mercury, 40% of chlorine compounds, 30% of fluoride compounds. Ural cities were built in intermountain basins, in close proximity to enterprises. Hence their increased gas pollution Ekaterinburg, Krasnoturinsk, Kurgan, Magnitogorsk, Pervouralsk, Raduzhny, Chelyabinsk - these cities are among the cities that are the main polluters of the atmosphere. Next 1 2 3

Pollution of water bodies The greatest danger to water sources comes from dumps from quarries and mines, especially from non-ferrous metallurgy. Heavy and rare metals are extremely dangerous. Getting into water bodies, they lead to significant pollution. The rivers of the Sverdlovsk region are the most heavily polluted. Further

Soil changes Solid and liquid particles released into the atmosphere settle on the soil. In the vicinity of mining industry enterprises, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the content of heavy metals in soils exceeds the maximum permissible concentration by 50-2000 times. Dark green color indicates an increased background content of heavy metals in the soil, red punches mean urban pollution with heavy metals. In steppe and forest-steppe areas, the problem of soil erosion is acute 1 2 Wind and water Wind erosion Water erosion Hide map Types of soil erosion Next

As a result of a major accident at the Mayak association near Chelyabinsk in 1957, half of the Chernobyl dose of radiation was released into the air. The radioactive cloud covered an area of ​​23 thousand km 2 with a population of 450 thousand people and spread to the northeast in the form of a 300-kilometer strip . Radiation pollution Long before Chernobyl, residents of the Urals felt the menacing breath of nuclear death. Map Next

What will be tomorrow? What will we leave for our children? When will we stop and stop polluting? Thank you for your attention! Exit

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The Ural region is quite large, consisting of five regions: Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug and two republics - Bashkortostan and Udmurtia. The Urals are the forge of Russia, the richest in natural resources and industrially developed region of our country. Large industrial centers of the Urals: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Perm, Magnitogorsk, Ufa, Izhevsk, Orsk. These large cities are leaders in the amount of harmful industrial emissions into the environment. Solid and liquid particles released into the atmosphere settle on the soil, polluting cities, forests and fields. Near ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises and mining industries, the content of heavy metals in the soil exceeds the MPC from 50 to 2000 times. Minerals have been mined in the region for many years, chemical and petrochemical enterprises have been operating, which pollute the environment with oil, benzene, oxides of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, ammonia, phenols, etc.

The increase in industrial and domestic wastewater has affected the quality of water in the region; the rivers of the Sverdlovsk region are most significantly polluted. Contamination of groundwater around most industrial centers of the Urals, including those used for water supply, has also been discovered.

The East Ural radioactive trace, which was formed as a result of the emergency release of radioactive substances into Lake Karachay and the Techa River by the Mayak defense enterprise in September 1957, had a special impact on the ecology of the Urals. In the Chelyabinsk region, in the city of Karabash, where the Mayak plant is located, there is an environmental disaster zone, the area of ​​this territory is 30 km. Pollution in this area has reached dangerous levels. Thus, the overall morbidity rate of the population in this area is much higher than the Russian average.

Waste from metallurgical enterprises, waste rock dumps, and ash dumps from thermal power plants occupy tens of thousands of hectares of land. Often toxic waste ends up in landfills or, at best, is stored in abandoned quarries or on the territory of enterprises. Udmurtia is not in a better position; it inherited from the Soviet Union the problem of destruction and storage of chemical weapons; the republic contains more than 25% of the total stock of toxic chemicals in the Russian Federation.

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1. The largest economic and industrial region of Russia, the Ural economic region, is located at the junction of the territories of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The Ural Federal District (UFD) is a territory with enormous natural resource, production and scientific potential. The territory of the UER extends in the meridian direction for more than 2 thousand kilometers. The area of ​​the region is 824 thousand km2, or 4.8% of the territory of Russia. The territory of the Ural economic region (Sverdlovsk, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Udmurt Republic) is almost entirely located within the Urals and the lowland Urals (Fig. 1). Modern natural complexes of the Urals and the Urals arose in the Neogene-Quaternary times and belong to the Russian Plain, the Urals and the West Siberian Plain. The Ural is a region of very sharp economic, natural and social contrasts. The Urals are the junction of: 1. two parts of the world 2. different parts of the earth’s crust 3. various landforms 4. basins of large river systems 5. climatic zones and regions 6. several natural zones 7. economic macro-regions of Russia

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The Urals are one of the largest old industrial areas in the world. In 1990, old problems in the region worsened and new problems arose. Among them are the problem of marketing finished products, unemployment, supplying factories with raw materials, updating technologies and environmental pollution. All of Russia's environmental problems come together here. The original appearance of the taiga Urals, the pre-Ural and trans-Ural steppes and forest-steppes has changed beyond recognition. The Middle and Southern Urals are an anthropogenically-natural region dominated by mining, forestry, pasture and arable landscapes. On the site of the Magnitnaya, Vysokaya and Blagodati mountains, giant quarries arose. In the 1930s, the creation of a large Ural metallurgy, the development of mechanical engineering, chemical, paper and forestry industries began in the Urals. Much work has been carried out to create a fuel and energy base. To supply electricity to the industry of the Urals, construction was carried out on the basis of local fuel at the Chelyabinsk, Egorshinskaya, Kizelovskaya and other power plants, and later at the Beloyarsk NPP, Reftinskaya, Permskaya, Iriklinskaya State District Power Plants, etc.

Slide 5

Branches of market specialization of industry. The leading industry of market specialization in the Urals is ferrous metallurgy. The Urals are the main metallurgical base of Russia. More than 80% of the metal is produced by factories and combines - Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and Orsko-Khalilovsky. Of the old reconstructed factories, the most significant are the Zlatoust, Verkh-Isetsky, Lysvensky, Chusovskoy, and Beloyarsky plants. Full-cycle plants operate partly on local iron ores, ores from the KMA and neighboring Kazakhstan, and on imported coking coals from Kuzbass.

Slide 6

Non-ferrous metallurgy is of national importance. The old branches of non-ferrous metallurgy include the copper smelting industry. The region is one of the leading places in the country in copper smelting. Copper smelters are located near copper deposits on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains.

Slide 7

The sectors of market specialization of the Urals are also mechanical engineering and metalworking. Among them are such giants as the Ural Heavy Engineering Plant in Yekaterinburg (Uralmash) and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. Ekaterinburg Electrical Equipment Plant, Chelyabinsk Abrasive Plant and a number of others. Old factories have also been reconstructed, including the Zlatoust Tool Plant, the Chelyabinsk Agricultural Engineering Plant, the Miass Plant, etc. Currently, the leading industries are heavy, energy and transport engineering. Ural factories produce equipment for the metallurgical and mining industries, turbines, generators, railway cars, cars, trams, motorcycles, buses, river boats, etc. Orenburg, Orsk, Izhevsk and Kurgan have become major centers of mechanical engineering.

Slide 8

An important branch of market specialization is the chemical industry. Its main products are mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda and organic synthesis products. The potash industry is especially notable, represented by the largest potash plants in Solikamsk and Berezniki. Cities with a developed metallurgical industry also became centers of the chemical industry. Here, the production of sulfuric acid is based on waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Oil production is carried out in Bashkortostan (Ishimbay, etc.), Perm and Orenburg regions, the oil refining industry is developed in Ufa, Sterlitamak, Orsk, Perm and Krasnokamsk. A new large gas production and processing region has been created in the Orenburg region.

Slide 9

Sectors of market specialization also include forestry, wood processing and wood chemical industries. The main forest resources of the region are located in the north, within the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions. The main centers of sawmilling are Ivdel, Perm, Yekaterinburg. The timber chemical and pulp and paper industries have developed. In the interregional division of social labor, the Urals also stands out for its developed construction materials industry, which operates on local non-metallic raw materials. Cement factories are located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nevyansk, Katav-Ivanovsk, Novotroitsk, Emanzhelinsk, etc. The Urals are the main producer of asbestos and products made from it, as well as refractory bricks, facing and other materials

Slide 10

Transport and economic relations. The most important role among modes of transport in the Urals belongs to railways. The basis of the railway network is made up of latitudinal and meridional highways intersecting almost at right angles. The most important of the latitudinal highways is the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok. Latitudinal highways cross the Urals at the latitude of Chelyabinsk and Orenburg, Orsk. Meridional roads simultaneously serve as distributors of goods arriving in the Urals in the order of interregional exchange. The network of meridional roads on the Eastern slope of the Urals is better developed. The line Polunochnoe - Orsk stands out; The Serov-Chelyabinsk road runs parallel to it. The Solikamsk-Bokal railway runs on the Western slope of the Urals. A railway was also built to the Tyumen region Ivdel - Ob. Pipeline transport has developed. The main oil and gas pipelines from Western Siberia to the European regions of Russia and the countries of Eastern and Western Europe pass through the territory of the Urals.

Slide 11

Agriculture. Agriculture in the Urals specializes in the production of livestock products, grain and potatoes. In the north-west of the region, in the Perm region and Udmurtia, crops of rye, fodder crops, flax and potatoes predominate; Livestock farming has a dairy and meat direction.

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A special pain for the Urals is radiation pollution. Long before Chernobyl, the people of the Urals felt the menacing breath of nuclear death. The Mayak association (Chelyabinsk-65) has been producing nuclear fuel (plutonium) since 1949, located 100 km from Chelyabinsk. In 1957, half of the Chernobyl dose of radiation was released into the air. The radioactive cloud covered an area of ​​23 thousand km2: cities, towns and villages with a population of 450 thousand people. As a result of a major accident at the Mayak nuclear fuel cycle enterprise, the East Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT) was formed.

Slide 13

Protecting the Urals from environmental disaster: creating an effective structure for state management of environmental protection;

development of methods for economic assessment of negative environmental consequences, improvement of the licensing system for emissions, discharges of pollutants, and waste disposal;

The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment,” adopted in 1991, defines the following types of specially protected natural areas. 1. State natural reserves - natural complexes (land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna), forever withdrawn from economic use and not subject to withdrawal for any other purposes, having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as standards of the natural environment , typical or rare landscapes, places where the genetic fund of plants and animals is preserved. 2. State natural reserves are natural complexes designed for the conservation and reproduction of certain types of natural resources in combination with the limited and coordinated use of other types of natural resources. 3. National natural parks are natural complexes that have ecological, genetic, scientific, environmental, educational, and recreational significance as typical or rare landscapes, habitats for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, and public education. 4.Natural monuments are unique natural objects and natural complexes that have relict, scientific, historical, environmental and educational significance and require state protection. 5. Resort and health-improving areas are specially protected territories and areas of water that have natural healing properties, mineral springs, climatic and other conditions favorable for the treatment and prevention of diseases. 6. Green zones - territories around cities and industrial settlements that perform environmental protection (environment-forming, ecological), sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions, allocated to suburban green zones, including forest park protective belts.

Slide 15

Oh, man! Listen to the planet! Listen to the pulse and heart of the Earth. She is sick and moans like the wind, And asks us: “Save and preserve!”

The problems of the ecological state of the Urals are revealed. This is pollution of the atmosphere, water resources, soil changes, radiation pollution. All this makes us think about what will help improve the environmental situation in the Ural region.

The modern Urals are an area of ​​industrial, mining, forestry, pasture and arable landscapes.

Detailed description

Main points discussed in the presentation:

• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• The greatest danger to water sources is the dumps of quarries and mines, especially non-ferrous metallurgy.
• Heavy and rare metals are extremely dangerous. Getting into water bodies, they lead to significant pollution.
• The rivers of the Sverdlovsk region are the most heavily polluted.
• Deforestation
• Soil changes
• Solid and liquid particles released into the atmosphere settle on the soil.
• In the vicinity of mining industry enterprises, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the content of heavy metals in soils exceeds the maximum permissible concentration by 50-2000 times.

Radiation pollution
As a result of a major accident at the Mayak association near Chelyabinsk in 1957, half of the Chernobyl dose of radiation was released into the air.
The radioactive cloud covered an area of ​​23 thousand km2 with a population of 450 thousand people and spread to the northeast in the form of a 300 kilometer strip.

What activities will help improve the environmental situation in the Ural region?

• improving technologies for exploiting natural resources;
• construction of treatment facilities and reclamation of disturbed lands;
• creation of environmental protection zones;
• strengthening control over compliance with environmental standards;
• increasing the ecological culture of the population.

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Author: Anna Vasilievna Loretz, primary school teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 17”, Krasnoturinsk
Date of publication: 09/11/2011